Lecture 9

Components of GIS data output functions

Geographic Information System Five Components.

1.     Hardware:

2.     Software:

3.     Data:

4.     People:

5.     Methods:


 

Figure: How GIS Components integrate with each other
 Hardware: Hardware is Computer on which GIS software runs. Nowadays there are a different range of computer, it might be Desktop or server based. ArcGIS Server is server based computer where GIS software runs on network computer or cloud based. For computer to perform well all hardware component must have high capacity. Some of the hardware components are: Motherboard, Hard driver, processor, graphics card, printer and so on. These all component function together to run a GIS software smoothly.
Main Hardware Components:
1.     Motherboard: It is board where major hardware parts are installed or It is a place where all components gets hooked up.
2.     Hard Drive: It is also called hard disk,  place to store data.
3.     Processor: Processor is the major component in computer, it performs calculation. It is called as Central processing Unit (CPU).
4.     RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) where all running programs load temporarily.
5.     Printer: It is output device and used to print image, map or document. There are various type of printer available in market.
6.     External Disk: These are portable storage space such as USB drive, DVD, CD or external disk.
7.     Monitor: It is a screen for displaying output information. Nowadays there are various type of monitor: CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diodes) and more.
Software: Next component is GIS software which provide tools to run and edit spatial information. It helps to query, edit, run and display GIS data. It uses RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) to store the data. Few GIS software list: ArcGis, ArcView 3.2, QGIS, SAGA GIS.
Software Components:
1.     GIS Tools: Key tools to support the browsing of the GIS data
2.     RDBMS: Relational Database Management System to store GIS data. GIS Software retrieve from RDBMS or insert data into RDBMS.
3.     Query Tools: Tools that work with database management system for querying, insertion, deletion and other SQL (Standard Query Language).
4.     GUI: Graphical User Interface that helps user and Software to interact well.
5.     Layout: Good layout window to design map.
Data: The most important and expensive component of the Geographic Information System is Data which is generally known as fuel for GIS. GIS data is combination of graphic and tabular data. Graphic can be vector or raster. Both type of data can be created in house using GIS software or can be purchased. The process of creating the GIS data from the analog data or paper format is called digitization. Digitization process involves registering of raster image using few GCP (ground control point) or known coordinates.  This process is widely known as rubber sheeting or georefrencing. Polygon, lines and points are created by digitizing raster image. Raster image itself can be registered with coordinates which is widely known as rectifying the image. Registered image are mostly exported in TIFF format. As mentioned above, GIS data can be Raster or Vector.
GIS Data Types:
1.     Raster: Raster image store information in a cell based manner. It can be aerial photo, satellite image, Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Raster images normally store continuous data.
2.     Vector: Vector data are discrete. It store information in x, y coordinate format. There are three types of Vector data: Lines, Points and Area.
People: People are user of Geographic Information System. They run the GIS software. Hardware and software have seen tremendous development which made people easy to run the GIS software. Also computer are affordable so people are using for GIS task. These task may be creating simple map or performing advance GIS analysis. The people are main component for the successful GIS.

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